Thursday, September 6, 2012

Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?

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Let's look at what phobias are, and how they work on us. There is a range of symptoms that phobics may go through. They may have only one or two symptoms, but they are all common to the flight or fight response.

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- Breathing - rapid, shallow
- Heart - pounding, pumping, about to jump out of chest
- Legs & Arms - turn to jelly, wobbly, shaking
- Nausea & churning stomach - urgent need for the toilet, diarrhoea,  vomiting.
- Paleness
- Sweating

When the feared object is perceived (whether it's well there or not is immaterial) the brain releases a signal which activates the fight or flight response in the sympathetic nervous system, thus allowing the body to retort quickly by running or fighting. This releases adrenaline into the theory which in turn causes the rest of the reactions. We breathe more rapidly to get more oxygen into the theory to feed the muscles ready for exercise.

The heart needs to pump harder to get the new oxygenated blood colse to to all the muscles, therefore the legs are `all pumped up' and ready to run. However, if we are `controlled' and do not run, all that energy is still there and causes the legs to turn to jelly and gives us the shakes. As the blood is diverted to the legs any undigested food is an unnecessary burden on the theory and therefore needs eliminating either by vomiting or excreting.

The bowels may become loose and there is an urgent need to defecate. This also `lightens the load', enabling faster sprinting from danger. We turn pale because the blood has been diverted elsewhere and we sweat as other way of excreting unwanted excess.

There are four main types of phobia - specific straightforward phobia, like group and agoraphobia
Specific Object Phobia - animals (snakes, spiders and mice being the most common),
Situational Phobia - fear of heights or water, claustrophobia, flying, dentist, tunnels, bridges etc.
Social Phobia  - reactionary phobia to having to meet people, having to go to busy places or speak in public.

Anxiety is the customary symptom of phobia, and can be fully disabling.

It involves a involved blend of emotions and cognition - negative mood, worry about inherent future threat or danger, self pre-occupation and sense of being unable to predict the future threat or operate if it occurs. Phobics go to great lengths to avoid situations or even secure reminders such as pictures.

Just for fun, here are the names of a few common phobias!

Agoraphobia- Fear of open spaces or of being in crowded, group places like markets. Fear of leaving a safe place.
Coulrophobia- Fear of clowns.
Emetophobia- Fear of vomiting.
Ephebiphobia- Fear of teenagers.
Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia- Fear of long words.
And finally...
Pentheraphobia- (Novercaphobia) Fear of mother-in-law.

But then you knew that, didn't you?  

Fear has an adaptive value to help us escape sources of danger, but phobias have no survival value. On the physiological level, anxiety involves a state of continuing over-arousal - in making ready for fight or flight. When the saber toothed tiger arrived at the cave door, that was the selection the caveman had to make! On the behavioral level it means avoiding situations that may cause or be perceived to cause distress.  

Phobias are quite common - a recent narrative suggested 14% of women,and 8% of men have a phobia (95% of animal phobics are women).

The age of onset varies, in childhood equal numbers of boys and girls have animal phobias, but boys seem to outgrow them. It seems that women are afraid of spiders and men afraid of snakes - who mentioned Freud? Some of the more leading causal factors include

Classical Conditioning.
Remember Pavlov's dogs, conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell which signaled food? When we endure a very traumatic experience, a very similar form of conditioning takes place, and any of the stimuli which were present at the time of the trauma can create a phobic response.

Learned Response
Fears can be picked up and become embedded as phobia plainly by watching how others, especially parents, retort to situations or the presence of, for example, spiders.  If our parent or authority figures are scared of something, we learn to feel that way too.

Innate Fear.
Humans, and other primates for that matter, have an innate biological preparedness to join together unavoidable objects or situations, eg snakes or exposure to heights, with adverse outcomes. These were probably a good biological adaption to aid survival. They are still beneficial to us, and only become a problem if they are maladaptive.
 
Phobias can be treated fairly easily.   Behavioral therapy - desensitizing the brain to fear, cognitive therapy - reframing the phobic's perception of reality, and hypnotherapy either alone or in conjunction all have a part to play.  Nlp practitioners claim to have an practically instant phobia cure which works in some cases, so that too might be worth considering.

The well good news is that if you do have a phobia, you don't have to live with it.  It can be treated well and quickly by a good therapist.

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